Particulate Matter (PM) is a critical component measured in the Air Quality Index (AQI), representing tiny airborne particles that pose serious health risks. PM is categorized by size, with PM2.5 (fine particles ≤2.5 microns) and PM10 (coarse particles ≤10 microns) being the most monitored.
These particles originate from vehicle emissions, industrial activities, construction dust, wildfires, and even household sources like cooking smoke. When AQI levels rise due to high PM concentrations, the air becomes hazardous—especially PM2.5, which can penetrate deep into lungs and bloodstream, worsening asthma, heart disease, and even causing premature death. Governments and health agencies use AQI’s PM data to issue public warnings, recommending masks (like N95s) and reduced outdoor activity when levels exceed safe limits. Reducing PM pollution remains a key focus in global efforts to improve air quality and public health
Here's the types of particulate matter (PM) measured in air quality index (AQI) systems
Current air pollution regulations worldwide focus on PM2.5 and PM10, yet the potentially more dangerous ultrafine particles escape oversight as scientists work to understand their impacts and develop measurement tools
Particulate Matter (PM) originates from both natural and human-made sources. These tiny particles are released into the air through various processes and can have harmful effects on health and the environment.
Exposure to particulate matter (PM), especially fine PM₂.₅ and ultrafine particles, poses severe health risks by penetrating deep into the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. When inhaled, these microscopic particles bypass the body's natural defenses, embedding in lung tissue or entering the bloodstream. Short-term exposure can trigger asthma attacks, bronchitis, and irregular heart rhythms, while long-term exposure is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, heart disease, and strokes.
Vulnerable groups—children, the elderly, and those with preexisting conditions—face higher risks, including developmental delays in kids and premature death in adults. Emerging research also suggests PM may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and diabetes. The World Health Organization attributes 7 million annual deaths to air pollution, with PM as a leading factor. Even low-level exposure over time reduces life expectancy, making PM one of the most pervasive environmental health threats globally. Protective measures like monitoring AQI levels, wearing N95 masks in polluted areas, and using HEPA air filters can help mitigate these dangers.