The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies air pollution as the single largest environmental health threat, linked to 7 million premature deaths annually. Over 90% of the global population breathes air exceeding WHO safety limits for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), with the worst impacts felt in low-income cities. Key risks include stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and respiratory infections, while children face lifelong developmental harm. WHO’s 2021 guidelines tightened safe limits to just 5 µg/m³ annual PM2.5 exposure – a benchmark most nations fail to meet. Urgent action on clean energy, transport, and industrial policies is needed to prevent what WHO calls a "silent public health emergency."
There are two types of air pollutants:
The pollutants that directly cause air pollution are known as primary pollutants. Sulphur-dioxide emitted from factories is a primary pollutant.
The pollutants formed by the intermingling and reaction of primary pollutants are known as secondary pollutants. Smog, formed by the intermingling of smoke and fog, is a secondary pollutant.
Following are the important causes of air pollution:
The combustion of fossil fuels emits a large amount of sulphur dioxide. Carbon monoxide released by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels also results in air pollution.
The gases emitted from vehicles such as jeeps, trucks, cars, buses, etc. pollute the environment. These are the major sources of greenhouse gases and also result in diseases among individuals.
Ammonia is one of the most hazardous gases emitted during agricultural activities. The insecticides, pesticides and fertilisers emit harmful chemicals in the atmosphere and contaminate it./p>
Factories and industries are the main source of carbon monoxide, organic compounds, hydrocarbons and chemicals. These are released into the air, degrading its quality.
Air pollution severely impacts human health, causing respiratory diseases, heart conditions, and 7 million premature deaths annually (WHO). Children exposed to pollutants face developmental issues, while pregnant women risk complications like preterm birth. Long-term exposure leads to chronic illnesses, including lung cancer and diabetes, with vulnerable groups most affected.
While masks and air purifiers offer some protection, systemic changes like clean energy adoption are essential. Addressing this crisis requires urgent global action to reduce emissions and safeguard public health.
To protect yourself from air pollution, check daily AQI levels and limit outdoor activities when air quality is poor. Wear N95 masks outside on high-pollution days, and use air purifiers with HEPA filters indoors. Keep windows closed when pollution is severe, and avoid smoking or burning candles. Stay hydrated, eat antioxidant-rich foods, and support clean energy policies for long-term protection.